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內(nèi)容摘要
本書是一本關于人工智能的通識讀本，在參考了許多較新的同類書籍和文獻資料的基礎上，簡要回顧了人工智能的歷史發(fā)展，概括性地介紹了人工智能的基本原理，重點分述了人工智能的應用領域。本書共分十二章：第一章介紹人工智能的起源；第二章介紹人工智能的基本概念、核心技術和技術方向，如專家系統(tǒng)、機器學習、自然語言處理等和圖像、視頻技術等；第三至十一章依次介紹了人工智能在各領域的應用，包括智能制造、商業(yè)服務、生物技術、自動駕駛、金融科技、醫(yī)療、教育、娛樂生活及家居；第十二章介紹人工智能倫理規(guī)范方面的內(nèi)容。人工智能的浪潮席卷全球，本書將帶領讀者走近人工智能的世界，了解未來社會即將面臨的變化。
本書適合作為職業(yè)教育人工智能通識課程的教材。
目錄
第一章 人工智能的起源與簡史 ·································································· 1
一、朦朧時期：人工智能技術溯源 ························································· 2
（一）漫長歷史萌芽 ······································································· 2
?。ǘ┬问竭壿嬐评?······································································· 3
（三）計算機的出現(xiàn) ······································································· 4
?。ㄋ模┐笤捜斯ぶ悄?······································································· 6
二、概念形成：人工智能的早期發(fā)展 ······················································ 6
?。ㄒ唬┤斯ぶ悄軜藴实奶岢?······························································ 7
（二）人工智能術語的確定 ······························································ 8
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄艿狞S金時期 ·····························································10
三、此起彼伏：人工智能的徘徊期 ························································11
（一）AI 的第一次低谷期 ·······························································11
?。ǘ＜蚁到y(tǒng)的開發(fā)浪潮 ·····························································12
?。ㄈ〢I 的第二次低谷期 ·······························································13
（四）人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡的復興 ·····························································14
四、時代召喚：人工智能的廣泛應用 ·····················································15
?。ㄒ唬〢I 采用科學方法 ··································································16
?。ǘ┤藱C大賽AI 獲勝 ·································································17
?。ㄈ┕雀韫镜钠渌鸄I 產(chǎn)品 ························································18
（四）開放平臺百度大腦 ································································19
?。ㄎ澹┢渌鸄I 產(chǎn)品 ·······································································21
第二章 人工智能概述 ·············································································25
一、內(nèi)涵外延：人工智能的基本概念 ·····················································25
?。ㄒ唬┤斯ぶ悄艿亩x ···································································25
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄艿姆诸惻c學派 ··························································27
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄艿娜齻€層次 ·····························································29
?。ㄋ模┤斯ぶ悄艿奈磥碲厔?·····························································31
二、三大支撐：人工智能的核心技術 ·····················································33
（一）人工智能的“芯片” ······························································33
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄艿?ldquo;算法” ······························································36
（三）人工智能的“數(shù)據(jù)” ······························································38
三、技術方向：人工智能的技術方向 ·····················································40
?。ㄒ唬C器學習與深度學習 ·····························································40
（二）專家系統(tǒng)與知識工程 ·····························································43
?。ㄈ┱Z音、語言處理技術 ·····························································45
?。ㄋ模﹫D像處理和圖像融合 ·····························································48
?。ㄎ澹C器視覺和視頻分析 ·····························································51
四、智慧體現(xiàn)：智能機器人 ·································································54
?。ㄒ唬C器人的由來 ······································································54
?。ǘ┲悄軝C器人的出現(xiàn) ································································56
（三）智能機器人的關鍵技術 ··························································57
?。ㄋ模┲悄軝C器人的應用 ································································60
（五）智能機器人的未來 ································································63
第三章 人工智能技術應用之一--智能制造 ················································65
一、歷史由來：智能制造的前世今生 ·····················································66
?。ㄒ唬┖沃^制造？ ·········································································66
?。ǘ?ldquo;工業(yè)4.0”的由來 ································································67
?。ㄈ┲悄苤圃斓膬?nèi)涵與要素 ··························································68
二、人工智能與智能制造：智能制造的賦能技術 ······································71
?。ㄒ唬┰朴嬎?···············································································72
?。ǘ┪锫?lián)網(wǎng) ···············································································73
（三）大數(shù)據(jù) ···············································································73
?。ㄋ模┮苿踊ヂ?lián) ············································································73
（五）高檔數(shù)控裝備 ······································································73
?。┰霾闹圃?············································································73
?。ㄆ撸┨摂M制造 ············································································75
三、關注當下：人工智能在智能制造中的應用場景 ···································75
?。ㄒ唬┲悄芄S ············································································76
?。ǘ﹤€性化定制 ·········································································78
?。ㄈ┤藱C協(xié)作 ············································································81
?。ㄋ模┰O備診斷和預警 ···································································82
四、展望未來：智能制造的現(xiàn)狀、問題與趨勢 ·········································83
?。ㄒ唬┈F(xiàn)狀：我國智能制造產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展報告 ···········································83
?。ǘ﹩栴}：智能制造落地存在的困難 ··············································84
?。ㄈ┶厔荩喝藱C融合協(xié)同制造 ·······················································85
第四章 人工智能技術應用之二--商業(yè)服務 ················································87
一、歷史由來：商業(yè)的前世今生 ···························································89
?。ㄒ唬┥虡I(yè)的由來 ·········································································89
?。ǘ┥虡I(yè)的社會價值 ···································································89
?。ㄈ┝闶蹣I(yè)的發(fā)展演進 ································································89
二、關注當下：人工智能在商業(yè)中的應用場景 ·········································91
?。ㄒ唬┚珳暑櫩彤嬒裣碌木珳薁I銷 ····················································91
?。ǘ﹤€性化的商品智能推薦 ··························································92
?。ㄈ┲悄荛T店管理 ······································································92
?。ㄋ模┲悄芑湽芾?································································94
三、展望未來：人工智能在商業(yè)中應用的問題與瓶頸 ································95
?。ㄒ唬┐嬖诘膯栴} ·········································································95
?。ǘ闷款i ············································································97
（三）發(fā)展趨勢 ············································································98
第五章 人工智能技術應用之三--生物技術 ················································99
一、理清思緒：關于人工智能和生物技術不能不說的那些事 ····················· 100
?。ㄒ唬┎唤庵?·········································································· 100
（二）探究生物技術 ···································································· 102
?。ㄈ┥锛夹g發(fā)展歷程 ······························································ 103
?。ㄋ模┥锟茖W與人體結(jié)構 ··························································· 105
?。ㄎ澹┤斯ぶ悄苡糜谏锛夹g的必然性 ············································ 107
二、無處不在：改變生活的生物技術 ··················································· 109
?。ㄒ唬┥嗉馍系纳锛夹g ······························································ 110
（二）拯救生命的生物技術 ··························································· 111
?。ㄈ┚徑饽茉次C的生物技術 ····················································· 114
?。ㄋ模┐┰谏砩系纳锛夹g ··························································· 114
?。ㄎ澹┯垒崆啻旱纳锛夹g ··························································· 115
三、關注當下：人工智能在生物技術中的應用場景 ································· 116
（一）基因測序 ·········································································· 116
?。ǘ┧幬镅邪l(fā) ·········································································· 117
（三）生物“智”造 ···································································· 118
?。ㄋ模┥镞^程控制 ···································································· 120
?。ㄎ澹┤嗽焐?·········································································· 120
四、展望未來：人類從“智人”進化到了“神人”么？ ··························· 122
?。ㄒ唬┤碌?ldquo;造物時代” ···························································· 122
（二）未來的生命科學與生物技術暢想 ············································ 122
第六章 人工智能技術應用之四--自動駕駛 ·············································· 127
一、歷史由來：自動駕駛的前世今生 ··················································· 128
?。ㄒ唬┳詣玉{駛的起源（2004 年以前） ············································· 128
?。ǘ┳詣玉{駛的孕育（2004 年-2009 年） ······································ 130
?。ㄈ┳詣玉{駛的成長（2010 年-2015 年） ······································ 131
?。ㄋ模┳詣玉{駛的春天（2016 年-2021 年） ······································ 133
二、人工智能與自動駕駛：全新認識自動駕駛 ······································· 137
?。ㄒ唬┳詣玉{駛汽車的構成和類型 ·················································· 138
?。ǘ┳詣玉{駛汽車的原理與系統(tǒng) ·················································· 142
?。ㄈ┳詣玉{駛汽車的優(yōu)勢和挑戰(zhàn) ·················································· 145
三、關注當下：人工智能在自動駕駛中的應用場景 ································· 148
?。ㄒ唬┳詣玉{駛卡車 ···································································· 150
?。ǘ┳詣玉{駛出租車 ································································· 150
?。ㄈ┲悄芄淮蟀?···································································· 150
?。ㄋ模┌俣葻o人駕駛汽車 ······························································ 151
四、展望未來：自動駕駛的發(fā)展趨勢構想 ············································· 153
?。ㄒ唬┗ヂ?lián)空間 ·········································································· 154
?。ǘ┻h程控制 ·········································································· 155
?。ㄈ┲腔鄣缆?·········································································· 155
?。ㄋ模┲悄芙煌?·········································································· 156
?。ㄎ澹┲悄艹鲂?·········································································· 157
第七章 人工智能技術應用之五--金融科技 ·············································· 162
一、金融科技--金融行業(yè)變局的決定性變量 ······································· 163
二、金融科技1.0 階段：金融+ IT ······················································· 165
?。ㄒ唬┯嬎銠C的使用提高了金融機構的基本賬務處理能力 ···················· 165
?。ǘ〢TM 的使用解決了銀行前臺服務難題 ····································· 166
?。ㄈ㏄OS 機的使用便利了客戶的交易支付 ······································ 166
三、金融科技2.0 階段：金融+ 互聯(lián)網(wǎng) ················································· 167
?。ㄒ唬┗ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)金融概況 ································································· 167
（二）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)銀行 ······································································· 168
?。ㄈ┗ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)證券 ······································································· 169
?。ㄋ模┗ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)保險 ······································································· 170
（五）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)創(chuàng)新金融 ································································· 171
四、金融科技3.0 階段：金融+ 人工智能 ·············································· 174
（一）量化交易--金融自動化交易的開端 ······································ 174
?。ǘ┨煸斓卦O--金融碰上人工智能 ············································ 177
?。ㄈ┙鹑谌斯ぶ悄軕脠鼍芭e例 ·················································· 179
?。ㄋ模┙鹑谌斯ぶ悄艿湫蛻脠鼍?-智能投顧 ································ 181
五、人工智能技術對金融業(yè)的影響 ······················································ 183
（一）強化了對金融科技跨界人才的需求 ········································· 183
?。ǘ┐龠M無現(xiàn)金社會的早日到來 ·················································· 183
?。ㄈ┙鹑跈C構進一步強化數(shù)據(jù)處理能力 ········································· 184
?。ㄋ模┙鹑跈C構的“無人化” ························································· 184
?。ㄎ澹┙鹑诒O(jiān)管的手段更加完備 ····················································· 185
?。┙鹑谌斯ぶ悄芤灿邢麡O作用 ·················································· 185
第八章 人工智能技術應用之六--醫(yī)療 ···················································· 188
一、歷史由來：人工智能與醫(yī)療的發(fā)展史你了解多少？ ··························· 188
?。ㄒ唬┽t(yī)學的發(fā)展歷程 ································································· 188
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄芘c醫(yī)療的前世今生 ·················································· 189
（三）人工智能醫(yī)療如何在國內(nèi)生根發(fā)芽 ········································· 189
二、人工智能與醫(yī)療：顛覆傳統(tǒng)的AI 醫(yī)療 ············································ 191
（一）顛覆傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥生產(chǎn)制造行業(yè) ·················································· 191
?。ǘ╊嵏矀鹘y(tǒng)醫(yī)院診治模式 ························································ 192
?。ㄈ╊嵏矀鹘y(tǒng)的醫(yī)生診治方式 ····················································· 192
?。ㄋ模╊嵏膊∪酥委熜Чc診療體驗 ··············································· 193
三、關注當下：人工智能在醫(yī)療領域的應用場景 ···································· 193
?。ㄒ唬┽t(yī)療助手：醫(yī)生護士的“新同事” ·········································· 193
（二）醫(yī)學影像：發(fā)現(xiàn)不一樣的“美” ············································· 195
?。ㄈ┧幬镅邪l(fā)：我是“藥神” ······················································ 196
?。ㄋ模┲阋槐壑Γ嚎祻蜋C器人 ·················································· 197
?。ㄎ澹┗蚬ぞ撸侯A測“生老病死” ················································ 198
（六）養(yǎng)老界之星：護理機器人 ····················································· 199
四、展望未來：人工智能醫(yī)療技術的未來影響及挑戰(zhàn) ······························ 201
?。ㄒ唬┶厔荩喝斯ぶ悄茚t(yī)療的新興領域 ············································ 201
?。ǘ┯绊懀喝斯ぶ悄軙〈t(yī)護人員嗎？ ······································ 202
?。ㄈ┲泵嫣魬?zhàn)：推動智能醫(yī)療健康發(fā)展 ········································· 203
第九章 人工智能技術應用之七--教育 ··················································· 205
一、歷史由來：從“喬布斯之問”說起 ················································ 206
?。ㄒ唬┙逃母淖儯簽槭裁茨敲措y？ ··············································· 206
?。ǘ┙逃淖兏铮翰皇且驗槿斯ぶ悄艿牡絹聿砰_始 ·························· 207
?。ㄈ┙逃淖兣c不變 ································································· 208
二、人工智能與教育：概念、沖擊與變革 ············································· 210
?。ㄒ唬┰趺从羞@么多“教育XX”和“XX 教育”？ ···························· 210
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄軐逃赡艿臎_擊 ·················································· 212
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄軙r代的教育變革 ····················································· 215
三、關注當下：人工智能在教育中的應用場景 ······································· 217
（一）教學中的應用場景：VR/AR 教學與教育機器人 ························· 218
?。ǘW習中的應用場景：智能導學、自適應學習與拍照搜題 ·············· 220
（三）教學評價中的應用場景：學習分析與自動化測評 ······················· 222
?。ㄋ模W校管理中的應用場景：分層排課與學情監(jiān)測 ·························· 223
（五）學習環(huán)境的智能化改變：智慧校園和智慧教室 ·························· 225
四、展望未來：孔子的教育理想能實現(xiàn)嗎？ ·········································· 226
?。ㄒ唬┮虿氖┙毯蛡€性化教育時代的到來 ········································· 226
?。ǘ┪磥淼慕逃赡苁沁@樣的 ····················································· 227
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄茏尳逃貧w本質(zhì)：實現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展 ·························· 234
第十章 人工智能技術應用之八--娛樂生活 ·············································· 236
一、理清思緒：光影流轉(zhuǎn)，娛樂變遷 ··················································· 237
?。ㄒ唬蕵?，點中人性的“死穴” ··················································· 237
?。ǘ┤鄙賷蕵返氖澜鐣绾?？ ····················································· 241
（三）草根網(wǎng)紅的崛起 ································································· 242
二、人工智能與娛樂：重構娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)圈 ·········································· 242
?。ㄒ唬蕵?ldquo;強檔”背后的故事 ····················································· 243
?。ǘ┏壏劢z群體分析 ······························································ 244
?。ㄈ┏塈P 生產(chǎn)體系化 ····························································· 244
?。ㄋ模┤斯ぶ悄苋绾钨x能娛樂？ ····················································· 246
三、關注當下：AI 賦能，人機共娛 ····················································· 246
（一）人機共育：打破次元壁，讓孩子走進童話故事 ·························· 246
?。ǘ┤藱C共產(chǎn)：花椒直播 ··························································· 247
?。ㄈ┤藱C共選：AI 選女之必然 ···················································· 249
?。ㄋ模┤藱C共譜：AI 作曲 ····························································· 249
（五）人機共制：AI 制作預告片 ···················································· 251
第十一章 人工智能技術應用之九--家居 ················································ 252
一、歷史由來：人類居住環(huán)境的變遷 ··················································· 253
?。ㄒ唬﹤鹘y(tǒng)的家居環(huán)境 ································································· 253
?。ǘ┘揖迎h(huán)境的自動化 ······························································ 254
（三）家居環(huán)境的智能化 ······························································ 256
?。ㄋ模┲悄芗揖舆M入中國 ······························································ 256
二、人工智能與家居：智能家居的概念、結(jié)構與功能 ······························ 257
?。ㄒ唬┲悄芗揖痈拍钆c人工智能 ····················································· 257
?。ǘ┲悄芗揖影l(fā)展的三個階段 ····················································· 259
?。ㄈ┲悄芗揖拥慕M成與工作原理 ·················································· 261
?。ㄋ模┲悄芗揖拥墓δ芎吞攸c ························································ 263
三、關注當下：人工智能在家居中的應用場景 ······································· 264
（一）人工智能服務機器人進入家庭 ··············································· 264
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄芗译姰a(chǎn)品越來越多 ·················································· 265
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄艿募揖涌刂乒芾砥脚_ ··············································· 266
?。ㄋ模┤斯ぶ悄苤彝グ踩c健康 ··············································· 267
（五）人工智能推動家居綠色環(huán)保 ·················································· 267
四、展望未來：智能家居的未來發(fā)展趨勢 ············································· 268
（一）智能家居的市場發(fā)展趨勢 ····················································· 268
?。ǘ┲悄芗揖拥募夹g發(fā)展趨勢 ····················································· 271
（三）智能家居的產(chǎn)品發(fā)展趨勢 ····················································· 275
第十二章 人工智能倫理規(guī)范 ·································································· 279
一、角色變化：人工智能的三種角色 ··················································· 279
?。ㄒ唬┻^去：人工智能只在電影中吸引人類目光 ································ 279
?。ǘ┈F(xiàn)在：人工智能在部分領域可替代人類 ··································· 280
（三）未來：人工智能或在奇點之后領導人類 ··································· 283
二、危機所在：人工智能的危險 ························································· 285
?。ㄒ唬┤斯ぶ悄芨淖儜?zhàn)爭形態(tài) ························································ 285
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄茏钚』赖仑熑?····················································· 286
（三）人類應審慎對待人工智能的安全性 ········································· 287
三、倫理規(guī)范：人工智能倫理法則 ······················································ 288
（一）阿西莫夫“機器人三定律” ··················································· 288
?。ǘC器人新定律 ···································································· 289
?。ㄈ┌⑽髀羼R人工智能23 條原則 ················································ 291
?。ㄋ模┬袠I(yè)領袖提出的人工智能倫理準則 ········································· 292
四、立法問題：人工智能倫理研究與立法 ············································· 293
?。ㄒ唬┪磥淼拿\取決于人類自己 ·················································· 293
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄軅惱韱栴}的研究 ····················································· 294
（三）人工智能倫理規(guī)范的立法 ····················································· 296
附錄 人工智能發(fā)展史上的大事件 ···························································· 300
參考文獻······························································································ 313
編后記································································································· 327
主編信息
魯昕，女，漢族，1955年7月生，遼寧撫順人，1985年6月入黨，1971年參加工作，1994年財政部財政科學研究所財政專業(yè)畢業(yè)，研究生學歷，博士學位。2009年4月至2015年12月，任教育部副部長、黨組成員。2015年12月中央新疆工作協(xié)調(diào)小組辦公室副主任。十三屆全國政協(xié)民族和宗教委員會委員，全國中等職業(yè)教育教學改革創(chuàng)新指導委員會主任委員。中國共產(chǎn)黨第十六次全國代表大會代表，中國婦女第九、十次全國代表大會代表。
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